Tissue from the optic nerve lamina region (ONLR), were dissected from both mice and humans. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was then performed on tissue sections, and Ki67 mitosis assays assessed cell proliferation. Cell cultivation techniques isolated and cultured cells from ONLR and optic nerve tissues. Further experiments induced cell differentiation and neurosphere formation. Transgenic animal studies explored gene effects, while interventions included AAV-DTA construct injections and TAM/4OHT treatments. RNA isolation and qPCR analyzed gene expression, while imaging techniques visualized tissue morphology and axonal myelination.